Bile acids (BAs) are not only a key component of nutrient metabolism but also serve as signaling molecules that regulate metabolic processes and immunity. BAs play a significant role in shaping the gut microbiota and maintaining metabolic equilibrium, which encompasses lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism, primarily through enterohepatic circulation. In humans, disturbances in bile acid metabolism, coupled with microbial imbalances, can lead to the onset of metabolic disorders involving the gut-liver-brain axis. This axis represents a complex communication network that links the gut, liver, and brain through neural, hormonal, and immunological pathways, allowing for bidirectional interactions that influence overall metabolic health. Beyond the gut, liver, and brain, BAs also affect other organs or tissues, including the muscle and adipose tissue, by interacting with specific receptors. In addition to their inherent biological effects, BAs can be modulated by various external factors, including probiotics, prebiotics, traditional Chinese medicines, and natural products, thereby offering potential health benefits. Notably, the content of BAs differs between species. Specific BAs across the species play unique functions. Recent studies underscore the crucial role of porcine BAs, particularly hyocholic acid, in regulating various biological processes such as metabolism, immune responses, and gut microbiota in humans. Here we review the diversity and functionality of uncovered BAs across species, the significant contributions of BAs in metabolic regulation, and their health implications, providing a comprehensive overview of their multifaceted roles in human and animal physiology.

To Cite This Article: Cao L, Wan YJY, Wang J, Zhu Y, and Yang G, 2025. Emerging roles of porcine bile acids in disorders involving the gut-liver-brain axis: novel insights into therapeutic targeting. Pak Vet J. http://dx.doi.org/10.29261/pakvetj/2025.288