Campylobacter fetus subspecies venerealis (Cfv) causes bovine genital campylobacteriosis (BGC) disease, which is significant in the cattle industry worldwide. Globally, herds infected with Cfv often have reduced pregnancy rates, early embryonic loss, infertility and abortion. Infected herds yield 36% lower profits compared to uninfected herds. Therefore, an accurate diagnosis is required to control BGC globally. Different tests/techniques like biochemical tests, immunofluorescence tests, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques have been used to identify and diagnose Cfv. However, diagnostic performance varies across methods, and subspecies-level confirmation remains inconsistent in field samples. Subspecies-level detection remains difficult because Cfv and Cff are highly similar genetically, and commonly used markers perform inconsistently across strains and field samples. Subspecies-level detection remains difficult because Cfv and C. fetus subsp. fetus (Cff) are highly similar genetically, and commonly used markers perform inconsistently across strains and field samples. Therefore, more research on advancing real-time PCR in this contemporary setting with higher specificity is needed to understand the genetic diversity of Cfv. This is a narrative review based on peer-reviewed literature identified through structured searching of relevant databases using keywords related to BGC/Cfv, diagnosis, and control strategies. This review provides a critical synthesis of the major reasons for inconsistent diagnostic performance in field settings and highlights practical priorities for improving subspecies-level confirmation and surveillance. Furthermore, this review discusses current diagnostic techniques for Cfv and briefly summarizes reported antimicrobial susceptibility findings relevant to treatment decisions and antimicrobial stewardship.

To Cite This Article: Rafiq MS, Haider SS, Li Z, Ma D, Khan MA, Sarmad M, Gu S, Chen T, Wang J, Wang W, Sun W and Hao H, 2026. Challenges in the diagnosis and Management of Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis in bovine genital campylobacteriosis: resistance and control strategies. Pak Vet J, 46(4): 768-778. http://dx.doi.org/10.29261/pakvetj/2026.064