Reproductive efficiency is the foundation of profitable cattle production but is often affected by a broad array of obstetric and gynecological disorders. These complications include dystocia (affecting 10–20% of dairy herds globally), retained fetal membranes, uterine infections (prevalence of 15–40%), and ovarian dysfunction, drastically compromise both fertility and economic viability. Reproductive disorders have a multifactorial etiology, characterized by complex interactions among nutrition and endocrine regulation, infectious agents, and management practices. Obstetric disorders mostly happen during parturition and are likely to cause instant complications to both dam and calf, but gynaecological disorders are likely to interfere with cyclicity and conception. The rise of diagnostic measures, such as ultrasonography and molecular-based assessment tools, contributed to early identification and treatment. This review briefly describes the pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and management of major reproductive disorders in cattle. It focuses on evidence-based approaches to enhance reproductive health, with a focus on integrated herd management and emerging reproductive technologies. Furthermore, this review emphasizes the integration of modern diagnostic tools, such as transrectal ultrasonography and molecular diagnostics, to enhance early detection and targeted interventions.

To Cite This Article: Zainettinova D, Julanov M, Gabdullin D, Sans P, Amanova Z, Sametova Z, Khussainov D, Zholdasbekov A, Niyatova A, Kozhayeva A, Zhumabayev A, Tolegenova A and Nartay B, 2026. A review of obstetric and gynaecological challenges in cattle reproduction. Pak Vet J, 46(5): 1066-1080. http://dx.doi.org/10.29261/pakvetj/2026.097